Amphibians

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Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla)

Citation:

Effects of variation in natural algal and detrital diets on larval anuaran (Hyla regilla) life history traits

Author(s)
Kupferberg, Sarah J., Jane C. Marks and Mary E. Power
Pages
446-457
Year
Volume
1994
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean range of average weight at metamorphosis, tadpoles fed seston, detritus or blue green algae in field enclosures mg Both Male and Female Juvenile 7-12/group South Fork Eel River, Branscomb [lat., 39^o44' N; long., 123^o39'W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Citation:

Multiple egg clutches in Hyla regilla, H. cinerea and H. gratiosa

Author(s)
Perrill, Stephen A. and Richard E. Daniel
Pages
513-516
Year
Volume
1983
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - June time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult 85 pairs in amplexus San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutches or Litters per year estimated by number of times a female was found in amplexus with palpable eggs clutches/yr Female Adult Not Reported San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets
Clutch or Litter Size 267.7 eggs/clutch Female Adult 40 San Diego Exposure Factor Datasets 128.7 SD

Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)

Citation:

Contribution to the natural history of the Plethodont salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii

Author(s)
Gnaedinger, Leslie McKay and Charles A. Reed
Pages
187-196
Year
Volume
1948
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 0.26 g Not Reported Juvenile 23 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 1.60 g Both Male and Female Juvenile 37 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 4.30 g Female Adult 11 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 2.80 g Male Adult 19 Portland, Multnomah County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Natural history of the salamanders of the plethodontid genus Ensatina

Author(s)
Stebbins, Robert C.
Pages
47-124
Year
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Duration of Incubation or Gestation mo Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Mating/ Laying late spring - early summer time of laying Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Mating/ Laying Oct. - Mar. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa
Time of Hatching or Parturition fall - early winter Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Pinehurst Madrone Grove Park Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa

Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum)

Citation:

Cutaneous and pulmonary gas exchange in ambystomatid salamanders

Author(s)
Whitford, Walter G. and Victor H. Hutchison
Pages
573-577
Year
Volume
1966
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate see citation tidal volume and breathing rate data Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of pulmonary and cutaneous oxygen consumption ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 281.0 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 19.5 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Interaction between introduced trout and larval salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in high-elevation lakes

Author(s)
Tyler, Torrey, William J. Liss, Lisa M. Ganio, Gary L. Larson, Robert Hoffman, Elisabeth Deimling and Gregg Lomnicky
Pages
94-105
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Population Density range of larval density estimates in 8 fishless lakes utilizing 3 survey methodologies during day and night larvae/100 m shoreline Both Male and Female Juvenile Not Reported North Cascades National Park Service Complex Exposure Factor Datasets

Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Citation:

Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians

Author(s)
Corn, Paul Stephen and R. Bruce Bury
Pages
39-57
Year
Volume
29
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Population Density 2.28 #/m2 Not Reported Not Reported 23 stream reaches streams in uncut forests, Lane, Douglas and Coos counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.36 SE
Population Density 0.50 #/m2 Not Reported Not Reported 20 stream reaches streams in logged forests, Lane, Douglas and Coos counties Exposure Factor Datasets 0.24 SE
Citation:

Metabolic rate of larval and adult pacific giant salamanders, Dicamptodon ensatus (Escholscholtz)

Author(s)
Wood, Stephen C.
Pages
177-179
Year
Volume
1972
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Body Weight - Mean 24.0 g Not Reported Adult 14 Exposure Factor Datasets 9.9 Laboratory
Citation:

Nests and eggs of the pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz)

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A.
Pages
257-262
Year
Volume
25
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May time of laying Female Adult 2 Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation 275 d Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Benton County Exposure Factor Datasets

California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Seasonal oxygen metabolism and cutaneous osmoregulation in the California newt, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
231-236
Year
Issue
3
Volume
50
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.025 aerial respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets terrestrial newts 0.008 (2SE) Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.054 aerial respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 12 Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newts 0.004 (2SE) Laboratory
Metabolic Rate 0.019 aquatic respiration (oxygen consumption) at 15C cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult 7 Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newts 0.008 (2SE) Laboratory
Citation:

The reproductive cycle in Taricha torosa (Triturus torosus)

Author(s)
Miller, Malcom R. and Marilyn E. Robbins
Pages
415-445
Year
Volume
125
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition
Body Weight - Mean range of means for 8 sampling dates g Female Adult 1-6/sampling date Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets post-spawning
Clutch or Litter Size ova/mature ovary Female Adult Not Reported Palo Alto Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen consumption and activity in salamanders: Effect of body size and lunglessness

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
403-414
Year
Volume
202
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 132.9 mean oxygen consumption following activity, measured at 25C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Not Reported 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 7.7 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Environmental variability and thermal acclimation in neotropical and temperate zone Salamanders

Author(s)
Feder, Martin E.
Pages
7-16
Year
Volume
51
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties Error
Body Weight - Mean 10.67 g Not Reported Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets Contra Costa, San Francisco 3.37 SD
Citation:

Seasonal aerobic and anaerobic metabolism at rest and druing activity in the salamander, Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Harlow, Henry J.
Pages
177-182
Year
Volume
61
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Condition Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.016 (10C), 0.054 (15C), 0.061 (20C), 0.119 (25C) resting oxygen consumption measured at various temperatures (10-25C) cm3 O2/g/hr Male Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets aquatic newt Laboratory
Citation:

Taricha tarosa (Rathke), California newt

Author(s)
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr.
Pages
1-4
Year
Volume
273
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying review Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Boreal Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. boreas formerly Bufo boreas ssp. boreas)

Citation:

Hibernacula of a population of Bufo boreas boreas in the Colorado Front Range

Author(s)
Campbell, James B.
Pages
278-282
Year
Volume
26
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Torpor or Hibernation Sept. - May time of hibernation Not Reported Adult 30 Boulder county (elev., 2,975m) Exposure Factor Datasets

Eastern Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. columbianum)

Citation:

Life history characteristics of populations of the long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) from different altitudes

Author(s)
Howard, James H. and Richard L. Wallace
Pages
361-373
Year
Volume
113
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error
Clutch or Litter Size 90.1 eggs/female Female Adult 7 Wallowa County (elev., 2470m) Exposure Factor Datasets 48.87 SD

Northern Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora) formerly Rana aurora ssp. aurora

Citation:

Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora

Author(s)
Calef, George Waller
Pages
741-758
Year
Issue
4
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Countries Error
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Clutch or Litter Size 531 #/egg mass Female Adult 35 egg masses Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA 19 SE
Survival/ Mortality 5 survival of larval population until metamorphosis % Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Marion Lake, southern British Columbia (elev., 300m) Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Citation:

Notes on the breeding biology of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora)

Author(s)
Storm, Robert M.
Pages
251-259
Year
Issue
4
Volume
16
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity 2 yr Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets
Duration of Incubation or Gestation time from egg to hatching under field conditions wks Not Reported Embryo Not Reported Corvallis Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Reproduction and development of the red-legged frog, Rana aurora, in northwestern Washington

Author(s)
Brown, Herbert A.
Pages
241-252
Year
Issue
4
Volume
49
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying Feb. - Mar. determined by presence of calling males and new egg masses Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Lake Louise Wildlife Sanctuary, Bellingham, Whatcom county (elev., 120m) Exposure Factor Datasets

California Red-legged Frog (Rana draytonii formerly Rana aurora ssp. draytonii)

Citation:

Biology of the California red-legged frog: A synopsis

Author(s)
Cook, David
Pages
79-82
Year
Volume
33
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Sexual Maturity yrs Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning mo Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Sept. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets

Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus formerly Rana catesbeiana)

Citation:

Sexual dimorphism in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
303-310
Year
Issue
2
Volume
62
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Growth Rate mm/yr Both Male and Female Adult 22 Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity 1 age after metamorphosis; development of secondary sex characteristics yr Male Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Sexual Maturity age after metamorphosis when produced eggs yr Female Adult Not Reported Crane Pond, E.S. George Reserve Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Changing respiratory importance of gills, lungs and skin during metamorphosis in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., and Nigel H. West
Pages
151-164
Year
Volume
47
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 1.1 Mean total oxygen uptake at 20C (summed from skin and lung uptake), body weight = 228.2 g +/- 70.3 SE umol O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 6 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Intersexual differences in growth, mortality, and size at maturity in bullfrogs in central Ontario

Author(s)
Shirose, L.J., R.J. Brooks, J.R. Barta and S.S. Desser
Pages
2363-2369
Year
Issue
12
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Countries Error
Age at Sexual Maturity 3 Average age at maturity, measured in years post-transformation yr Male Adult 567 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Longevity Maximum estimated age yr Both Male and Female Adult 567 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets CANADA
Growth Rate 0.0653 mm/d Both Male and Female 16 Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario [lat., 45^o35'N; long., 78^o30'W] Exposure Factor Datasets 0 yr CANADA 0.01465 SE
Citation:

Influence of temperature acclimation on oxygen consumption, haemodyamics and oxygen transport in bullfrogs

Author(s)
Weathers, Wesley W.
Pages
321-330
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 53.3 Oxygen consumption measured at 20C, frogs acclimated at 20C, mean body weight = 621 g (30.5 SE) ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Adult 8 Exposure Factor Datasets 2.1 SE Laboratory
Citation:

Age, growth, and homing in the bullfrog

Author(s)
Durham, Leonard and George W. Bennett
Pages
107-123
Year
Volume
27
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific
Body Weight - Mean 0.64 lbs Not Reported 6 Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets end of 5th yr
Body Weight - Mean 0.80 lbs Not Reported 5 Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets end of 6th yr
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning mo Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported Ridge Lake, Charleston, Coles County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in the lower Colorado River, Arizona-California

Author(s)
Clarkson, Robert W. and James C. deVos, Jr.
Pages
42-49
Year
Volume
20
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying early Apr. (begin), late Apr. - early May and late May - early June (peaks), July (end) breeding season Not Reported Adult 100 lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning time to metamorphosis from first breeding clutch mo Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis Aug. - Oct. metamorphosis period for first breeding clutch Not Reported Tadpole Not Reported lower Colorado River between Laguna and Morelos Dams Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

The evolution of mating strategies in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Howard, Richard D.
Pages
850-874
Year
Issue
4
Volume
32
Exposure Endpoint Type Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Longevity yr Not Reported Adult Not Reported Edwin S. George Reserve, Ann Arbor Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Seasonal changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses to temperature and hypoxia in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Rocha, Priscila L. and Luiz G.S. Branco
Pages
761-768
Year
Volume
201
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Inhalation Rate see citation figure of breathing frequency (breaths/min) at various seasons, temperatures and oxygen levels Both Male and Female Adult 6/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Metabolic Rate see citation figure of oxygen consumption at various body temperatures within seasons Both Male and Female Adult 6/group Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Temperature and the balance between aerial and aquatic respiration in larvae of Rana berlandieri and Rana catesbeiana

Author(s)
Burggren, Warren W., Martin E. Feder, and Alan W. Pinder
Pages
263-273
Year
Issue
2
Volume
56
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 178.2 Mean total oxygen uptake (skin + gills + lungs) measured at 25C, tadpole mean body weight = 5.74 g ul O2/g/hr Not Reported Tadpole 5 Exposure Factor Datasets 36.7 Laboratory
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Surface Area SA = 0.953W^0.725 Area of removed skin measured, equation based on weight (W) in grams cm2 Not Reported Not Reported Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets
Metabolic Rate 29.36 Pulmonary oxygen uptake at 15C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 4 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Growth rates of some ranids under natural conditions

Author(s)
Ryan, Richard A.
Pages
73-80
Year
Issue
2
Volume
1953
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Age at Fledging, Metamorphosis, Weaning yr Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Time of Fledging or Metamorphosis July - Oct. Both Male and Female Tadpole Not Reported Ithaca Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Survival rate, population density and development of a naturally occurring anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana)

Author(s)
Cecil, Stephen G. and John J. Just
Pages
447-453
Year
Volume
1979
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Survival/ Mortality Range of mean survival of larvae % Not Reported Tadpole 3 sampling periods, 20,000 animals Coldstream Pond and Fred Pond, northeast of Lexington, [38o06'23"N, 84o30'08"W] Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Elevated maintenance costs in an anuran (Rana catesbeiana) exposed to a mixture of trace elements during the embryonic and early larval periods

Author(s)
Rowe, Christopher L., Owen M. Kinney, Roy D. Nagle and Justin D. Congdon
Pages
27-35
Year
Volume
71
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Error Lab
Metabolic Rate 0.1582 resting oxygen consumption at 23C ml O2/hr/tadpole Not Reported Tadpole 19 Exposure Factor Datasets 0.009 SE Laboratory

Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas formerly Bufo boreas)

Citation:

Mating pattern variability among western toad (Bufo boreas) populations

Author(s)
Olson, Deanna H., Andrew R. Blaustein, Richard K. O'Hara
Pages
351-356
Year
Volume
70
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Time of Mating/ Laying May - July time of mating Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Deschutes and Linn counties (elev., 1220-1950m) Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans

Author(s)
Hutchinson, Victor H., W.G. Whitford and M. Kohl
Pages
65-85
Year
Volume
41
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Lab
Metabolic Rate 26.86 Cutaneous oxygen uptake at 5C ul O2/g/hr Not Reported 10 Exposure Factor Datasets Laboratory
Citation:

Selective mortality and reproduction in a natural population of Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Samollow, Paul B.
Pages
18-39
Year
Issue
1
Volume
34
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Clutch or Litter Size 12,000 # eggs/spawn Female Adult Not Reported Lost Lake, Linn county Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Western toad, Bufo boreas, in southern Utah: Notes on a single population along the east fork of the Sevier River

Author(s)
Robinson, Megan, Michael P. Donovan and Terry D. Schwaner
Pages
87-89
Year
Volume
58
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type
Body Weight - Mean 64.6 mean and range of body weights g Male Adult 17 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Body Weight - Mean 92.9 mean and range of body weight g Female Adult 18 Garfield County Exposure Factor Datasets
Citation:

Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis

Author(s)
Sivula, Janice C., Michael C. Mix and Donald S. McKenzie
Pages
309-313
Year
Issue
4
Volume
28
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific Lab
Body Weight - Mean 0.01 g Not Reported Tadpole 84 Exposure Factor Datasets Gosner stage 20 Laboratory

Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla formerly Hyla regilla), California Newt (Taricha torosa)

Citation:

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla and Taricha torosa

Author(s)
Anzalone, Christopher R., Lee B. Kats and Malcolm S. Gordon
Pages
646-653
Year
Volume
12
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Hatching or Parturition see citation figure of mean duration from fertilization to hatching in field enclosures Both Male and Female Embryo 8 replicates of 150 (frogs) or 16-12 (newts) embryos Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles
Time of Hatching or Parturition see citation figure of mean duration from fertilization to hatching in field enclosures Both Male and Female Embryo 8 replicates of 150 (frogs) or 16-12 (newts) embryos Santa Monica Mountains Exposure Factor Datasets Los Angeles

California Toad (Anaxyrus boreas ssp. halophilus formerly Bufo boreas ssp. halophilus)

Citation:

Food habits of western toads (Bufo boreas halophilus) foraging from a residential lawn

Author(s)
Barrentine, Carl D
Pages
84 - 87
Year
Issue
3
Volume
22
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Dietary Composition Isopoda (31.23%); Diplopoda (0.66%); Arachnida (2.14%); Orthoptera (0.35%); Dermaptera (2.65%); Coleoptera (54.06%); Lepidoptera (2.67%); Diptera (0.04%); Hymenoptera (5.92%); Unknown insects (0.3%) % occurrence in fecal pellets examined % Not Reported Adult 320 fecal pellets/ 6 animals residential lawn, Bakersfield [lat., 35^o21'N; long., 119^o09'W] Exposure Factor Datasets Kern
Citation:

The role of behavioral thermoregulation in the growth energetics of the toad, Bufo boreas

Author(s)
Lillywhite, Harvey B.
Pages
375-383
Year
Issue
2
Volume
54
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties Lab
Body Weight - Mean 2.5 g Not Reported Juvenile Not Reported Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Santa Cruz
Growth Rate see citation figure of weight increase in juvenile toads maintained at various temperatures Not Reported Juvenile 9-11 animals/group Exposure Factor Datasets one-yr or newly metamorphosed Laboratory

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum ssp. croceum)

Citation:

A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillaturm, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
273-284
Year
Volume
24
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Units Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type Age-Specific California Counties
Dietary Composition Cast skin (10.4%); Annelida (6.5%); Mollusca (7.8%); Chilopoda (3.9%); Isopoda (46.8%); Araneida (1.3%); Collembola (2.6%); Lepidoptera (2.6%); Diptera (2.6%); Orthoptera (6.5%); Coleoptera (14.2%); Unidentified (1.3%) % of total number of items in stomach contents % Not Reported Adult 38 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
Dietary Composition Cladocera (1.12%); Copepoda (0.22%); Ostracoda (12.64%); Chironomidae (23.79%); Corixidae (1.56%); Snails (5.58%); Leeches (4.46%); Oligochaeta (22.30%) and Tadpoles (27.88%) % by weight of food item in stomach contents % Not Reported Juvenile 20 Ellicott Pond Exposure Factor Datasets larvae Santa Cruz
Citation:

A comparison of the life histories of coastal and montane populations of Ambystoma macrodactylum in California

Author(s)
Anderson, James D.
Pages
323-355
Year
Issue
2
Volume
77
Exposure Endpoint Type Endpoint Value Endpoint Description Sex Life Cycle Stage Sample Size Location Type California Counties
Time of Mating/ Laying Jan. - Feb. time of breeding Both Male and Female Adult Not Reported Valencia Lagoon, Rio Del Mar Exposure Factor Datasets Santa Cruz
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